It's the diagnosis no one wants to hear, but each year another 14 million people worldwide will be told they have cancer. 這是沒人想聽到的診斷結果，但全世界每年都會有一千四百萬人被告知他們罹患癌症。
In the fight against this disease, our greatest weapon may lie within, 在對抗這種疾病的戰爭中，最有效的武器可能就存在我們體內，
in the system already designed to fight for our bodies and our health. 在一套原本就為了捍衛我們的身體與健康而設計的系統當中。
Maureen was diagnosed with stage-four lung cancer in January, 2009. It had spread to her adrenal glands and liver. 莫琳在二○○九年一月被診斷出肺癌第四期，癌症已擴散到她的腎上腺與肝臟。
It was inoperable, so she needed other options. 她的狀況無法動手術治療，所以她需要其他選項。
Maureen started chemotherapy treatments. The first round didn't work, and neither did the second or the third. 莫琳開始接受化療。第一次治療不見效果，第二次與第三次也都一樣。
Maureen's options were running out. Her disease wasn't responding to the chemo. 莫琳的選項愈來愈少。她的病症對於化療毫無反應。
Maureen had metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the lung with disease in her liver, in her adrenal. She had a heart metastasis. 莫琳的肺部出現了轉移性鱗狀細胞癌，肝臟與腎上腺也有癌細胞，還轉移到心臟。
She had just diffuse disease, and at that point her prognosis was on the order of a few months. 她的癌症四處擴散，當時她的預後預期壽命大約只剩幾個月。
We decided it really wasn't working and I asked him if he had anything else. 我們認為治療根本無效，於是我問他有沒有其他方法。
And I must have been at [in] the right place at the right time, because he had said he had two trials coming up, and one of them was immunotherapy. 我一定是碰對了時間地點，因為他說他即將展開兩項試驗，其中一項是免疫治療。
Immunotherapy uses parts of the body's own immune system to fight the cancer. 免疫治療是利用人體本身的某些免疫系統對抗癌症。
There are a few different types of immunotherapy, including vaccines and boosters for the immune system. 免疫治療有幾種不同類型，包括疫苗以及免疫系統增強素。
The trial at Yale uses lab-made antibodies, which target specific molecules. 耶魯大學進行的試驗採用實驗室製造的抗體，專門對抗特定分子。
Here's how it works. 以下就是這種療法的原理。
The T-cells of the immune system help fight for our bodies, eliminating germs and preventing disease, 免疫系統的 T 細胞協助保衛我們的身體，會消除病菌以及預防疾病，
but cancer cells, which start as normal cells in the body before mutating, evade the immune system. 但癌細胞在突變之前原本是體內的正常細胞，所以會躲過免疫系統。
Specific molecules form a barrier around the cancer cells, sending out a signal that convinces the T-cells there's nothing abnormal. 特定分子會在癌細胞周圍形成一道屏障，送出一種訊號，讓 T 細胞以為一切正常。
By blocking these molecules, the cancer is then exposed, and the T-cells can do their job. 藉由封阻這些分子，癌症就會暴露出來，於是 T 細胞即可善盡其職。
In a lab at Yale Cancer Center, Dr. Lieping Chen meets with his researchers. 在耶魯大學癌症研究中心的一間實驗室裡，陳列平博士與他的研究人員會面。
In the battle against cancer, this is the front line. 這裡正是對抗癌症的戰爭前線。
He's the man who discovered PD-L1. That's one of the protein molecules that help shield cancer from the immune system. 他就是發現了 PD-L1 蛋白的人。PD-L1 蛋白是協助屏蔽癌症不受免疫系統察覺的蛋白質分子之一。
For well over a decade, he worked on developing anti-PD-L1 to combat the protein. 在這十幾年來，他一直致力於研發抗 PD-L1 抗體來對付這種蛋白質。
This effect [is] tentatively long-lasting, meaning if it [the] patient responds, they responds [respond for] years. 這種效力會暫時持續一陣子，也就是說如果對病患產生作用，效果可達數年。
[The] immune system still continue[s] [to] attack the cancer. 免疫系統仍然會繼續攻擊癌症。
This is one of Maureen's scans from June 2010, before starting the immunotherapy. 這是莫琳在二○一○年六月拍攝的其中一張掃描片子，當時還沒開始進行免疫治療。
You can see the large mass in her lung. And this is from just a few months later. 各位可以看見她肺裡的一大團腫塊。而這張是僅僅過了幾個月後的掃描結果。
The mass, which had not responded to chemotherapy, significantly shrunk, almost gone. 那團對化療沒有反應的腫塊，現在已經顯著縮小，幾乎消失了。
And critically, there were no signs of new growth in other areas of the body. 最重要的是，身體其他部位沒有長新腫瘤的跡象。
And now it's two years after she finished her two years of therapy. 她完成兩年的治療之後，至今已經過了兩年。
So, it's four years since she started Nivolumab, and at that point she had a prognosis again of a few months, 所以，自從她開始接受 Nivolumab 治療至今已有四年，而當時她的預後預期壽命是只有幾個月。
and we recently did a PET scan just to see, and we saw nothing. 但我們最近做了正子掃描來瞭解她的狀況，結果什麼都沒看到。
There was no activity at all. 她體內的癌細胞沒有任何活動。
Immunotherapy doesn't work for every patient or every cancer. 免疫治療並非對每個病患或每種癌症都有效。
That's what Dr. Chen and others are working on now -- 這正是陳博士和其他人正在研究的內容——
to find out why, for instance, not everyone expresses the PD-L1 protein, and what other proteins might exist. 例如找出為什麼不是每個人都會出現 PD-L1 蛋白的原因，以及可能還有其他什麼蛋白質存在。
Combining immunotherapy with traditional treatments like chemo and radiation appear to be the way of the future. 結合免疫治療與傳統療法，例如化療與放射治療，顯然是未來會採行的做法。