WEBVTT

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Recently, the National Institutes of Health released a study showing that using a cell phone changes the chemistry inside your brain. 
美國國家衛生研究院近來發表一份研究，顯示使用手機會改變大腦的化學性質。

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What if it does more than just that? Well, we warn you now: there are no answers yet. 
如果手機的影響不僅如此呢？我們現在要告知各位觀眾：目前還沒有答案。

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But as 360 MD Sanjay Gupta found out, there are serious people asking life-and-death questions.
不過，正如《全面視野》的醫學博士桑杰‧古普塔所發現的，有些態度嚴肅的人士提出了生死攸關的問題。

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If you've ever put a cell phone to your ear, you should listen to what neurosurgeon Dr. Keith Black has to say.
你只要使用過手機，就該聽聽神經外科醫師凱斯‧布萊克所說的話。

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There's no way to say that cell phone use is safe. I think that the public has a right to know that there could be a potential risk. 
我們無法確認手機絕對無害。我認為民眾有權利知道使用手機可能帶有潛在風險。

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The public generally assumes that if one is selling something on the market, that we have had assurances that that device is safe.
大眾通常認為只要有人在市場上販賣某個東西，這個東西就一定保證是安全的。

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To be clear, 
必須釐清的是，

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Dr. Black's message is at odds with headlines from the largest international study on cell phones and cancer. 
國際上針對手機與癌症之間的關係所進行的一項規模最大的研究，其標題與布萊克醫生的訊息並不相符。

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Their conclusion: little or no evidence cell phones are associated with brain tumors.
他們的結論：目前幾無證據顯示手機與腦瘤之間有所關聯。

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But if you look just one layer deeper into the appendix of that same study, you'll see something unsettling. 
不過，要是看得深入一點，檢視這份研究的附錄，就會看到一項令人不安的結果。

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Turns out participants in the study who use a cell phone for ten years or more had double the rate of brain glioma, 
原來在這場研究的參與者當中，使用手機十年以上的人士，罹患腦膠質瘤的比率是一般人的兩倍，

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a type of tumor.
而腦膠質瘤也是腫瘤的一種。

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And keep in mind: cell phone use in the United States has only been popular for around 15 years. 
別忘了：手機在美國廣泛使用也只有十五年左右的歷史而已。

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Back in 1996, there were 34 million cell phone users; today, nearly 300 million in use, according to industry figures.
業界統計數據顯示，美國在一九九六年共有三千四百萬名手機使用者，但當今使用者人數已將近三億。

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Environmental factors take decades to see their effect, not a few years.
環境因素的影響要數十年才看得出結果，不是短短幾年就可以的。

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The FCC requires all cell phones emit below 1.6 watts per kilogram of radiation.
美國聯邦通訊委員會要求手機散發的輻射必須低於每公斤一點六瓦。

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In order to test for that, scientists here try and mimic the human brain with salt, sugar, and water.
為了檢驗這一點，這裡的科學家試圖以鹽、糖和水模擬人腦。

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Let me show you precisely how they do this test. 
且讓我說明他們究竟怎麼從事這項測試。

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This is a model. This is supposed to approximate the human skull, an adult male. 
這是個模型，模仿對象是成年男性的頭骨。

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This is my phone that we've actually attached there. It's connected at the angle that most people would speak with.
固定在這裡的是我的手機，放置的角度就是大多數人講手機時的握持角度。

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And inside over here -- very important -- this bubbly liquid inside, that's what represents liquid brain.
在這裡面——很重要——裡面這泡沫液體代表液體大腦。

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What's gonna happen is the phone is making a call. 
接下來發生的就是由這支手機打電話。

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After a period of time, this device is going to come over here and start to measure radiation at all sorts of different points in the brain. 
經過一段時間之後，這具儀器就會過來這裡，開始測量腦中各個不同部位的輻射量。

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After that, they're going to take all of those numbers, basically put [them] on a computer screen, and tell us where the hot spots are and just how high the levels got.
然後，他們會把這些數據輸入電腦螢幕上，告訴我們熱點在哪裡，濃度達到了多高。

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My cell phone measured within FCC limits. But the whole process was, well, surprisingly low-tech. 
我的手機合乎聯邦通訊委員會的標準，可是這項測驗過程實在相當低科技，不免令人訝異。

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And what about different size skulls or children?
如果頭骨大小不一樣，或是兒童，結果又會如何呢？

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In children, their skull is thinner, their scalp is thinner so the microwave radiation can penetrate deeper into the brain of children and young adults. 
兒童的頭骨比較薄，頭皮也比較薄，所以微波輻射能夠更深入兒童與青少年的腦中。

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And their cells are dividing at a much faster rate, so the impact of the microwave radiation can be much larger.
他們的細胞分裂速度也快上許多，因此微波輻射的衝擊可能大得多。

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And here's something else that might surprise you: 
還有另外一件事也可能出乎你意料之外：

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the cell manufacturers themselves actually advise against putting the cell phone right next to your head or really anywhere on your body.
手機製造商本身也建議不要把手機緊貼在頭部或身體的任何部位。

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Take a look, for example, with the iPhone 4. The safety instructions specifically say, 
舉例而言，我們來看看iPhone 4。其中的安全指示明確指出：

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"When using the iPhone near your body for voice calls, keep it at least 15 millimeters or five-eighths of an inch away from your body."
「使用iPhone接近身體從事語音通話，請與身體保持至少十五公釐或八分之五吋的距離。」

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The type of radiation coming out of your cell phone is called non-ionizing. It's not like an X-ray but more like a very low-powered microwave oven.
手機散發的輻射稱為非游離輻射，不像X光，而比較像是一部非常低功率的微波爐。

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What microwave radiation does, in the most simplistic term, is very similar to what happens to your food when you put your food in a microwave oven. 
用最簡單的話語來說，微波輻射產生的效果，就非常像是食物被放進微波爐所受到的影響。

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It's essentially cooking the brain.
基本上就等於是在烹煮大腦。